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One of the seventeenth century's most important thinkers, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz exercised enormous influence on the philosophy of Herder, Feuerbach, and Hegel as well as on the writings of Schiller and Goethe. Two of Leibniz's most studied and often quoted works appear in this volume: Discourse on Metaphysics and The Monadology.
Published in 1686, the Discourse on Metaphysics consists of Leibniz's expansion of a letter to his theologian friend Antoine Arnauld, in which he explains that through our perceptions we express the rest of the universe from our own unique perspectives. The whole world is thus contained in each individual substance as each represents the same universe and "the universe is in a way multiplied as many times as there are substances, and similarly the glory of God is redoubled by as many completely different representations of His work." It is here that Leibniz makes his famous assertion that God, with perfect knowledge and goodness, freely chose to create this, the best of all possible worlds.
The Monadology, written in 1714, offers a concise synopsis of Leibniz's philosophy. It establishes the laws of final causes, which underlie God's free choice to create the best possible world--a world that serves as dynamic and perfectly ordered evidence of the wisdom, power, and benevolence of its creator.
- Sales Rank: #438344 in eBooks
- Published on: 2012-03-09
- Released on: 2012-03-09
- Format: Kindle eBook
About the Author
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, ne a Leipzig le 1er juillet 1646 et mort a Hanovre le 14 novembre 1716, est un philosophe, scientifique, mathematicien, logicien, diplomate, juriste, bibliothecaire et philologue allemand. Il exerca une grande influence sur les cours d Europe, fit passer les mathematiques dans une nouvelle ere. Il est considere comme l un des plus grands penseurs europeens.
George Montgomery is the Grandson of W. R. Montgomery and Lives in Daytona Beach, Florida.
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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
AN EXCELLENT COLLECTION OF THREE IMPORTANT WORKS BY ONE OF THE GREAT 17TH CENTURY "RATIONALISTS"
By Steven H Propp
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) was a German mathematician and philosopher; He developed calculus independently of Isaac Newton. Other works of his are collected in Leibniz Selections.
In his Discourse on Metaphysics, he wrote, "Against those who think that God might have made things better than he has... It seems to me that the consequences of such an opinion are wholly inconsistent with the glory of God... To show that an architect could have done better is to find fault with his work. Furthermore this opinion is contrary to the Holy Scriptures when they assure us of the goodness of God's work." (Pg. 5-6) After observing that "God does nothing which is not orderly," he adds, "I use these comparisons to picture a certain imperfect resemblance to the divine wisdom, and to point out that which may at least raise our minds to conceive in some sort what cannot otherwise be expressed. I do not pretend at all to explain thus the great mystery upon which depends the whole universe." (Pg. 10-11)
He argues, "certain philosophers... have constructed a demonstration of God that is extremely imperfect. It must be, they say, that I have an idea of God, or of a perfect being, since I think of him and we cannot think without having ideas; now the idea of this being includes all perfections and since existence is one of these perfections, it follows that he exists... it is when he is assured of the possibility of a thing, that one can boast of having an idea of it. Therefore, the aforesaid argument proves that God exists, fi he is possible. This is in fact an excellent privilege of the divine nature, to have need only of a possibility or an essence in order to actually exist, and it is just this which is called ens a se [`being out of itself"]." (Pg. 40-41)
Of miracles, he says, "These are a part of the general order and conform to the principal purposes of God and consequently, are involved in the concept of this universe, which is a result of these designs. Just as the idea of a building results from the purposes or plans of him who undertakes it, so the idea or concept of this world is a result of the designs of God considered as possible." (Pg. 109)
In his Correspondence, he asserts, "I maintain that every substance involves in its present state all its past and future states and even expresses the whole universe according to its point of view, since nothing is so far from anything else that there is no relation between them." (Pg. 233)
In his Monadology, he begins with the statement, "The Monad, of which we will speak here, is nothing else than a simple substance, which goes to make up composites; by simple, we mean without parts... These Monads are the true Atoms of nature, and, in fact, the Elements of things." (Pg. 251) He asserts, "Therefore God alone (or the Necessary Being) has this prerogative that if he muse necessarily exist, and, as nothing is able to prevent the possibility of that which involves no bounds, no negation, and consequently, no contradiction, this alone is sufficient to establish a priori his existence. We have, therefore, proved his existence through the reality of eternal truths." (Pg. 260-261) Later, he adds, "Thus although each Monad represents the whole universe, it represents more distinctly the body which specifically pertains to it, and of which it constitutes the entelechy." (Pg. 265)
He states his famous "principle of Sufficient Reason, in virtue of which we believe that no fact can be real or existing and no statement true unless it has a sufficient reason why it should be thus and not otherwise. Most frequently, however, these reasons cannot be known by us." (Pg. 258)
Leibniz's philosophy (which, surprisingly, was treated respectfully by the arch-rationalist Bertrand Russell) is less popular these days than his fellow rationalists Descartes and Spinoza; but some of this ideas (e.g., the Principle of Sufficient Reason) have had lasting influence; this is an excellent collection of his writings, and makes as useful introduction to his thought.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
A great read that makes you view the world from another prespective
By Moe
A really interesting book but wouldn't recommend for people who are new to philosophy.
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