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A landmark assessment of Turkish culpability in the Armenian genocide, the first history of its kind by a Turkish historian
In 1915, under the cover of a world war, some one million Armenians were killed through starvation, forced marches, forced exile, and mass acts of slaughter. Although Armenians and world opinion have held the Ottoman powers responsible, Turkey has consistently rejected any claim of intentional genocide.
Now, in a pioneering work of excavation, Turkish historian Taner Akçam has made extensive and unprecedented use of Ottoman and other sources to produce a scrupulous charge sheet against the Turkish authorities. The first scholar of any nationality to have mined the significant evidence—in Turkish military and court records, parliamentary minutes, letters, and eyewitness accounts—Akçam follows the chain of events leading up to the killing and then reconstructs its systematic orchestration by coordinated departments of the Ottoman state, the ruling political parties, and the military. He also probes the crucial question of how Turkey succeeded in evading responsibility, pointing to competing international interests in the region, the priorities of Turkish nationalists, and the international community's inadequate attempts to bring the perpetrators to justice.
As Turkey lobbies to enter the European Union, Akçam's work becomes ever more important and relevant. Beyond its timeliness, A Shameful Act is sure to take its lasting place as a classic and necessary work on the subject.
- Sales Rank: #859472 in eBooks
- Published on: 2007-08-21
- Released on: 2007-08-21
- Format: Kindle eBook
From Publishers Weekly
Starred Review. The story of the Ottoman Empire's slaughter of one million Armenians in 1915—a genocide still officially denied by the 83-year-old modern Turkish state—has been dominated by two historiographical traditions. One pictures an embattled empire, increasingly truncated by rapacious Western powers and internal nationalist movements. The other details the attempted eradication of an entire people, amid persecutions of other minorities. Part of historian Akçam's task in this clear, well-researched work is to reconcile these mutually exclusive narratives. He roots his history in an unsparing analysis of Turkish responsibility for one of the most notorious atrocities of a singularly violent century, in internal and international rivalries, and an exclusionary system of religious (Muslim) and ethnic (Turkish) superiority. With novel use of key Ottoman, European and American sources, he reveals that the mass killing of Armenians was no byproduct of WWI, as long claimed in Turkey, but a deliberate, centralized program of state-sponsored extermination. As Turkey now petitions to join the European Union, and ethnic cleansing and collective punishment continues to threaten entire populations around the globe, this groundbreaking and lucid account by a prominent Turkish scholar speaks forcefully to all. (Oct.)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
From Booklist
Akcam has attracted considerable attention for being one of the first Turkish intellectuals to devote his career to studying the systematic slaughter of one million Armenians during World War I. For this reason, he has been harshly criticized by those who would deny the existence of an Armenian genocide. Akcam's earlier work, From Empire to Republic (2004), contextualized the genocide within a climate of Turkish nationalism and attempted to provide the basis for a Turkish national conversation about trauma and culpability. Although essentially similar to that book in its analysis of Turkish culpability, his latest study is considerably broader in historical scope. He seeks to harmonize the conventional narrative of the collapsing Ottoman Empire with victims' perspectives of Turkish dominance over minorities. He does this by showing a state--rent by internal power struggles and terrified of being partitioned--that pursues genocide as a way of avoiding catastrophic collapse. Clearly a companion to Peter Balakian's Burning Tigris (2003) and other accounts of the genocide, this book also deserves to be read in concert with recent works analyzing the politics of genocide and national shame in Germany. Brendan Driscoll
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved
Review
"Akçam is unsparing in his evidence... Of profound importance to history--and certain to stir up nests of hornets." -- --Kirkus Reviews (starred review)
"Impressive achievement... Shines fresh light on exactly why and how the Ottoman Empire deported and slaughtered the Armenians." -- --The New York Times Book Review
"Magnificently researched... No scholar has mined and synthesized the Ottoman Empire's internal documents and memoirs with Akçam's assiduous skill." -- --Philadelphia Inquirer
"Moving... Tries to grapple both with the enormity of the crime and with the logic of its repression." -- --The New Yorker
"The definitive account... No future discussion of the history will be able to ignore this brilliant book." -- --Orhan Pamuk
Most helpful customer reviews
12 of 16 people found the following review helpful.
Great source on the Armenian Genocide
By Michael Rettig
Great source on the Armenian Genocide. When considering this book, note that the negative reviewers are Turkish. The denial runs deep but truth prevails through this book.
4 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
The Armenian Genocide told by a brave Turkish historian
By Vahe Achikian
Finally a brave and matter-of-fact account of the history of WW1 Ottoman Turkey and the evil Tehcir Law which led to the Armenian Genocide of 1915-1916 and the extetmination and forced deportation of Ottoman Armenians from Turkey. İndeed Dr. Akçam makes no excuses or rebuttals for justifying the massacres and ateocities but rather in full honesty retells the true history of the Armenian massacres of WW1 on the lands of Ottoman Turkey based on his own research and to-date unrevealed Ottoman historic archives and documents from the 1913-1921 period. This is a must-read for all Ottoman historians, particularly for liars and deniers of truth such as Justin McCarthy and Stanford Shaw's bastards that are alive today.
73 of 113 people found the following review helpful.
HODGEPODGE OF MISREPRESENTATIONS I was disappointed by the triviality and deception visible in most of ...
By Ergun Kirlikovali
HODGEPODGE OF MISREPRESENTATIONS
I was disappointed by the triviality and deception visible in most of the contents of the book. Knowing Akcam's background ([...]) and how he was funded by Armenians ([...] ), perhaps I should not have been surprised. After all, a convicted terrorist escaping from prison in Turkey, seeking asylum in Germany, using his German Sociology PhD as foundation for his History "professorship" in America, all seem to have extremely dark points with which Akcam still did not come clean yet. But that's the messenger; let us delve into the message now.
Akcam chooses to ignore Turkey's legendary religious tolerance providing a home for the expelled Jews of Iberia, during the notorious Spanish Inquisitions in 1492, and then again for the fleeing Jews of Nazi Germany during 1930s, and for many other ethnic and/or religious groups in the past millennium. It must have also escaped Akcam that the Greek Orthodox and Armenian Gregorian churches survived a millennium of Turkish cohabitation and/or rule, which is a far cry from the fates of Muslims of Spain, Greece, and Armenia. That the message here is diametrically opposed to Akcam's claims must be clear to any fair mind. All of these are forgotten in Akcam's partisan book, censored by Akcam's passionate efforts to demonize Turkey and Turks at all cost.
The claims of Armenian "genocide" cannot be substantiated by historical evidence. About 70 scholars published a signed statement on May 19, 1985 [...]) in the New York Times and Washington Post, stating that the Turkish Armenian conflict of World War One was one of "...inter-communal warfare fought by Christian and Muslim irregular forces..."
Genocide characterization is a long discredited political claim, not a court verdict by a competent tribunal after due process. The “Allied Media”, along with Protestant missionaries sent by ABCFM (American Board of Missionaries for Foreign Missions) in Boston in the last century-and-a-half are two of the main culprits of this complex human tragedy. The other responsible parties are Armenians (through their revolutionary--read terrorist--parties like Black Cross, Armenakan, Ramgavar, Hunchag, Dashnak, Nemesis, and others,) Tzarist Russia, Imperial Britain, and Colonialist France. Reading Akcam's book, one would never realize that Turks still expect an apology from these six major culprits since the end of World War One. Akcam reverses history and makes the mere defenders of their homeland the culprits of all evils of war.
While The missionaries caused all this bloodshed in the name of God, via their divisive, polarizing, and poisonous sermons and teachings, newspapers like the New York Times and others chose to become an accessory to this crime, in the name of religious solidarity with Armenians and/or promoting U.S. foreign interests, with its reckless publishing of anything and everything anti-Turkish without checking its veracity--145 such articles in 1915 alone while allowing not even a single Turkish rebuttal. Imagine that. Akcam uses all this in his book as a plus for Armenians; talk about spin doctors.
The Armenians, on the other hand, created all this mayhem in pursuit of their dream, the establishment of Greater Armenia, the first would-be apartheid of the 20th Century where 15-12% Christian minority would be ruling over 80-85% Muslim majority in lands carved right out of the Ottoman Empire. Akcam does conveniently forgets this in his book while he talks about a homeland for Armenians.
Convinced that the era of Turks was over as the Turks were practically beaten and finished, the Armenians chose to take arms against their own government and Muslim neighbors, terrorize the Anatolian countryside--in an effort to ethnically cleanse the area of its Turks, already devoid of its Turkish men of age 15-55 who were fighting on many far flung fronts defending the Ottoman Empire against brutal attacks and invasions. Try finding a snippet of information on this in Akcam's book while he discusses Armenian aspirations and plans.
Armenians joined the invading enemy armies, namely the Russians in 1914, The British in 1914-1920, and the French in 1917-1921, and established their own military academy in Bulgaria in 1906 ([...]) Akcam should see the Armenian confession and revelation (Houshamatyan of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Centennial, Album-Atlas, Volume I, Epic Battles, 1890-1914, The Next Day Color Printing, Inc., Glendale, CA, U.S.A., 2006) to make a believer out of even Akcam.
Do these uniformed and armed Armenian cadets at an Armenian military academy in Bulgaria in 1906--i.e. 9 years before 1915 -- look like "poor, starving, unarmed" Armenian women and children to anyone? We all have been duped, it seems, by the propagandistic clichés of Akcam and his Armenian financiers. Wasn’t there and suffering then? Of course there was and plenty to go around. But Turks, Arabs, Kurds, Circassians, Laz, Jews, and everyone else in the area suffered, not just the Armenians, as Akcam claims. Furthermore, let us not forget that the Armenians fired the first shot with a treasonous scheme and determination. Censoring Armenian hate crimes and war crimes, embellishing Armenian suffering, and totally ignoring Turkish suffering is unscholarly, unethical, untrue, and inhuman. If Akcam wants us to grieve, then we should grieve for a massive human tragedy, not just Armenian tragedy. That spirit is totally lost in the book.
The latter three, of course, caused all this unspeakable bloodshed in the name of imperial expansion: Russia to gain access to warm seas, Britain to consolidate to trade routes to India, and France to gain a foothold in the Middle East. Again, not a nugget of information on this important backdrop.
As if none of this happened, and 518,000 Muslims, mostly Turks, were not tortured and killed by the blood-thirsty Armenian revolutionaries, the genocide claimant Akcam continues to promote a racist and dishonest version of history in Akcam's book.
The term genocide describes a special crime that is precisely defined by the U.N. which can only take place if intent to destroy , ([...] and also[...] ) in part or whole, a community with common traits, is proven after due process, at a competent tribunal . For such an intent to exist, there must be a history of racial hate and discrimination, which comes to a boil at one point, such as it did during the Holocaust (1942-1945), the genocides in Rwanda (1994) and Bosnian town of Srebrenica (1995.) It is common knowledge that no such systematic, scheming, and lasting hate campaigns ever existed in the 623-year-long the history of the Ottoman Empire. In fact, quite the contrary exists, where the Armenians were dubbed "the loyal nation", which picture changed in the early 20th Century when Armenian resorted to revolts, treason and terrorism. Akcam turns all this around on its end with some "creative interpretation" of archives, some authentic, some forged, in his book.
There was no competent tribunal employing due process of any kind scrutinizing the embellished Armenian allegations of genocide--save the Kangaroo courts of 1920 in occupied Istanbul--and there exists no court verdict. This does not seem to stop Akcam from outrageously claiming that it is genocide, totally ignoring Armenian war crimes, revolts, treason, terrorism, hate crimes, territorial demands and their Turkish victims.
Akcam resorts to partial quotations from sources that support his "belief" that 1915 events were genocide. This is hardly a scholarly research, as one can start with a contra-genocide position and still use the same sources and list even more quotations that support it. Similarly, one can use Akcam's references to disprove genocide, which goes to say that Akcam has taken almost every citation out of context to serve his conviction. You are welcome to study this detailed analysis and review of Akcam's book by Yucel Guclu which refers to Russian State Historical Military Archive in Moscow, State Historical Archive in St. Petersburg and The French archives in Paris, Nantes and Vincennes and other such archives that Akcam ignored. This inevitably reduces Akcam's book to crude propaganda material. Akcam seems to be on a mission; he is provocative, delusional, and selective in his sources and interpretations--as if he wrote this book to settle a score with Turkey for convicting and imprisoning Akcam on terrorism related charges.)
Guclu says in the end: "Akcam's central thesis and accompanying facts are unconvincing. What happened back in 1915 was a tragedy but by no means a genocide. It was wartime and both sides suffered great losses, sorrow and pain. No program of genocide was ever proposed, planned or carried out by the Ottoman government. No empirical evidence to document these claims has ever been uncovered in any archives. To the contrary, the relocation orders demonstrate that no policy of genocide existed, the Ottoman government did all it could to prevent killings and to settle the Armenians away from the war zones. The author takes his conclusions ready-made from others, instead of forming them himself from the sources he used. It is the historian's task to examine motives, causes and consequences without rancour or partisan loyalty; this Akcam does not do. It may be that he finds difficulty in correlating evidence, or even of interpreting a piece of evidence correctly."
May I also suggest that you watch the documentary titled "The Armenian Revolt."
([...] ) to get a flavor of what you are missing in Akcam's propaganda book. This film is a more objective account of the events of early 1900s, between Ottoman Armenians and Ottoman Muslims. I understand the frustration of the Armenians to be compensated for their suffering but they must also admit the Armenian complicity which brought that suffering upon Armenians and the Muslims by taking up arms against their own government and neighbors and joining invading enemy forces (Russian, French, and later British and Greek). Akcam cannot white-wash the Armenian hate crimes and war crimes by simply ignoring them in his book. Any truth-seeker will quickly realize that there is a gaping hole in Akcam's book that does not explain why Turks and Armenians, who cohabitated Anatolia for a millennium, suddenly turned on each other. Akcam's book promotes "official" Armenian narrative, hence it is sheer propaganda material.
In the documentary "The Armenian Revolt.", one can watch numerous historians who do not endorse Akcam's conviction that1915 was genocide, world renown historians like Bernard Lewis, Justin McCarthy, and others. I also recommend Guenter Lewy's book, "The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: The Disputed genocide" for any honest truth-seeker to learn both sides of the story—one can listen to his speech ([...] ), a balanced, fair, and objective account of 1915.
Akcam claims that the only thing Ottoman Armenians wanted was the Reforms. What a falsehood. Is that why the Armenians built this military academy as early as in 1906 in Bulgaria then: [...] ?:
Akcam asserts if the government had implemented the changes they agreed with Dashnak Party, It would have been no revolt whatsoever. Is that why then the first prime minister of Armenia, Hovhannes Katchaznouni, lamented the Dashnaks in the 1923 ARF-Congress in Bucharest, Romania, saying Armenians should have stuck to the agreement with Turks in last 1914 and not try so hard to back stab the Ottoman Empire? ([...] )
Akcam claims that most of the revolts that took place in various towns in Anatolia were simply the resistance to the Tereset (temporary relocation) order of May 27, 1915. Akcam clearly has no knowledge of Nalbandian's book where it is stated that Armenian revolts have started as early as in 1862. We clearly know that the motive for revolts was not just reforms, but an independent Armenian State on Turkish soil. Akcam also blindly dismisses the Armenian terrorist activities within the Ottoman Empire in order to discredit TERESET order. Akcam, apparently has never heard of Black Cross (1871), Armeniakan (1876), ramgavar (1882), Hunchak (1887), Armenian revolutionary Federation (1890) , Nemesis (1918) and other terrorist organizations responseible for hundreds of revolts, thousands of terrorist acts, and more than half a million Mulsim, mostly Turkish, deaths between 1862 and 1922, peaking in 1914-1915. We can still find solace in the fact that Akcam, in the face of overwhelming documentation, could not bring himself to deny the wide support that was provided to the Tsarist Russia and Western powers to Armenians.
According to Akcam, the special organization, Teskilat-I Mahsusa was responsible for killing Armenians and the regular army was instructed not to interfere when Armenians were massacred just out of the towns where they were living. Total falsehood! The most important expert on TM, an American historian named Philip H. Stoddard, who went to Turkey during 1950 to speak to the surviving members of TM and published his research on TM in his PhD dissertation at Princeton University in 1964 (also translated to Turkish[...], available at amazon) makes a liar out of Akcam. TM was established as a counter measure to the British efforts to stir Ottoman Arabs into rebelling against their own state on the side of Britain and was active mostly in place like Libya, Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia (Iraq-Jordan-Arabia) Afghanistan, and India. Their mode of operation was to convince and support British Muslims (and British-influenced-Ottoman-Muslims) to rise up against Britain. TM has absolutely nothing to do with Armenians. It is the fertile imagination of Armenian propagandists that TM was after Armenians ([...] .)
If Armenians (and Akcam) are so right, then why would they not open Armenian archives to researchers? What are they hiding there? Turkey opened its archives 30 years ago and more than 100 countries sent their researchers there (except Armenia, of course.) So what are Armenians so scared of? If they feel their case is so strong, then why not take Turkey to ICJ ( International Justice Court, in Den Haag) ? They cannot, because if they do, the world will finally hear the Turkish case which was pretty much censored up until this moment. Once the world sees the Turkish archives, its waterproof evidence, then Armenians can kiss goodbye their beloveth (but bogus) genocide. Remember ECHR decision of December 17, 2013 where the highest court in Europe decide that genocide was not prioven so it could not be compared to Holocaust? That's the plain truth, isn't it?
This book is a hodgepodge of misrepresentations based on a racist and dishonest history supported by Armenian folklore compiled by a spin doctor paid by the Armenian lobby (The Zoryan Institute, the Cafesjian Foundation, Robert Aram, Marianne Kaloosdian and Stephen and Marian Mugar , and other Armenians) to promote Armenian interests. It is a waste of time to read it.
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